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   Table of Contents
  • Basic Overview & Information on AIDS & HIV
  • How is HIV transmitted?
  • HIV Symptoms
  • AIDS Information & Explanation
  • How is HIV infection diagnosed?
  • How is HIV infection treated?
  • How can HIV infection be prevented?
  • What research is going on?
  • Keeping on Top of Your Condition
  • More Information on AIDS & HIV
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    AIDS Information & Explanation



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    The term AIDS applies to the most advanced stages of HIV infection. CDC developed official criteria for the definition of AIDS and is responsible for tracking the spread of AIDS in the United States.

    CDC's definition of AIDS includes all HIV-infected people who have fewer than 200 CD4 positive T cells per cubic millimeter of blood. (Healthy adults usually have CD4 positive T-cell counts of 1,000 or more.) In addition, the definition includes 26 clinical conditions that affect people with advanced HIV disease. Most of these conditions are opportunistic infections that generally do not affect healthy people. In people with AIDS, these infections are often severe and sometimes fatal because the immune system is so ravaged by HIV that the body cannot fight off certain bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and other microbes.

    Symptoms of opportunistic infections common in people with AIDS include
    • Coughing and shortness of breath
    • Seizures and lack of coordination
    • Difficult or painful swallowing
    • Mental symptoms such as confusion and forgetfulness
    • Severe and persistent diarrhea
    • Fever
    • Vision loss
    • Nausea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting
    • Weight loss and extreme fatigue
    • Severe headaches
    • Coma
    Children with AIDS may get the same opportunistic infections as do adults with the disease. In addition, they also have severe forms of the bacterial infections all children may get, such as conjunctivitis (pink eye), ear infections, and tonsillitis.

    People with AIDS are particularly prone to developing various cancers, especially those caused by viruses such as Kaposi's sarcoma and cervical cancer, or cancers of the immune system known as lymphomas. These cancers are usually more aggressive and difficult to treat in people with AIDS. Signs of Kaposi's sarcoma in light-skinned people are round brown, reddish, or purple spots that develop in the skin or in the mouth. In dark-skinned people, the spots are more pigmented.

    During the course of HIV infection, most people experience a gradual decline in the number of CD4 positive T cells, although some may have abrupt and dramatic drops in their CD4 positive T-cell counts. A person with CD4 positive T cells above 200 may experience some of the early symptoms of HIV disease. Others may have no symptoms even though their CD4 positive T-cell count is below 200.

    Many people are so debilitated by the symptoms of AIDS that they cannot hold steady employment or do household chores. Other people with AIDS may experience phases of intense life-threatening illness followed by phases in which they function normally.

    A small number of people first infected with HIV 10 or more years ago have not developed symptoms of AIDS. Scientists are trying to determine what factors may account for their lack of progression to AIDS, such as particular characteristics of their immune systems or whether they were infected with a less aggressive strain of the virus, or if their genes may protect them from the effects of HIV. Scientists hope that understanding the body's natural method of control may lead to ideas for protective HIV vaccines and use of vaccines to prevent the disease from progressing.


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